Arntz, Hans-Dieter (2008) "Reichskristallnacht". Der Novemberpogrom 1938 auf dem Lande – Gerichtsakten und Zeugenaussagen am Beispiel der Eifel und Voreifel. (in German) Aachen: Helios-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938208-69-4

The president also announced that he had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson. The United States was the only nation to recall its ambassador and would not replace him until after the end of the war in 1945. Raul Hilberg. The Destruction of the European Jews, Third Edition, (Yale Univ. Press, 2003, c1961), Ch.3.

A Turning Point

NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS". 11 November 1938. p.1. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021 . Retrieved 1 May 2017– via Trove. In response to the news of Nazi terror against Jews, Americans protested in cities including New York and Los Angeles. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. Pressure on the US Immigration System Lewis, Geraint (May 2010). "Tippett, Sir Michael Kemp". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (onlineed.). Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/ref:odnb/69100 . Retrieved 29 April 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)

Today we are faced with Jew-hatred on a scale as great as that of the Nazis in the form of hatred of Israel. For those who escaped, there was the knowledge that often, they were the sole survivor of their families. One child recalled being forbidden to wave goodbye to his parents from a train as they stood on the station platform. He never saw them again. There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht. [72] The Catholic leadership however, just as the various Protestant churches, refrained from responding with organised action. [72] Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox. By signing up you agree to our terms of use The Hiding Place by Corrie Ten Boom, with Elizabeth and John SherrillForeign countries issued statements of condemnation. Hugh Wilson, the American ambassador to Germany, was summoned home for “consultations” and never returned. In spite of the words, though, most countries, including the United States, kept their restrictive immigration policies against European Jews in place, and there were few ramifications for the Nazis. In its aftermath, German officials announced that Kristallnacht had erupted as a spontaneous outburst of public sentiment in response to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath. Vom Rath was a German embassy official stationed in Paris. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. A few days earlier, German authorities had expelled thousands of Jews of Polish citizenship living in Germany from the Reich; Grynszpan had received news that his parents, residents in Germany since 1911, were among them. It did not take long before the first heavy grey stones came tumbling down, and the children of the village amused themselves as they flung stones into the many colored windows. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork. [43] Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Susan Warsinger from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Müller-Claudius, Michael (1948). Der Antisemitismus und das deutsche Verhangnis. Frankfurt: J. Knecht. pp.76–77, 175–176.

a b "Kristallnacht Remembered". www.kold.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2008. In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. [69] St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. 7 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops.Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Büttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997).

Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch. [46] Aftermath [ edit ] A ruined synagogue in Munich after Kristallnacht A ruined synagogue in Eisenach after Kristallnacht In the immediate aftermath of the pogrom, many German leaders, like Hermann Göring, criticized the extensive material losses produced by the antisemitic riots, pointing out that if nothing were done to intervene, German insurance companies—not Jewish-owned businesses—would have to bear the costs of the damages. Nevertheless, Göring and other top party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. Pehle, Walter H. (1988). Der Judenpogrom 1938: Von der "Reichskristallnacht" zum Völkermord (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-596-24386-6.

US President Denounces the Nazis

Mayer, Kurt (2009). My Personal Brush with History. Tacoma: Confluence Books. ISBN 978-0-578-03911-4. Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht". The International School for Holocaust Studies. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. -- "At 7:00 in the morning I was a student, and at 5:00, I was a criminal" Johnson, Eric. The Nazi Terror: Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans. United States: Basic Books, 1999, p. 117. Kristallnacht marked a turning point in relations between Nazi Germany and the rest of the world. The brutality of the pogrom, and the Nazi government's deliberate policy of encouraging the violence once it had begun, laid bare the repressive nature and widespread anti-Semitism entrenched in Germany. World opinion thus turned sharply against the Nazi regime, with some politicians calling for war. On 6 December 1938, William Cooper, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League on a march through Melbourne to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". German officials refused to accept the tendered document. [76] German State Archives, Potsdam, quoted in Rita Thalmann and Emmanuel Feinermann, Crystal night, 9–10 November 1938, pp. 33, 42.